Coreferential Devices in the Quranic Interpretation

This article mainly discusses the coreference in the Quranic interpretation of Surah Albaqarah by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The aims of the research are: to describe and explain the coreference types found in the Quranic interpretation, the coreference devices, and relationship types of the coreferential devices. The is a kind of descriptive qualitative research. The population consisted 286 interpretation texts of Surah Al-Baqarah with 112 samples taken as the data of the research chosen by using purposive sampling technique. The result of the research shows that the coreference types found in the Quranic interpretation are: repetition (6,55%), lexical change (18,03%), substitution (50,81%) and ellipsis (24,59%). Meanwhile, the coreferential devices found are: repetition, lexical change, and substitution. Finally, the relationship types of the co-referential devices are anaphoric (88,52%) and cataphoric (11,48%).

various aspects of the coreference task that leads to rethink the concept of coreference itself.
In drawing the relation of paraphrase and coreference, Recasens and Vila (2010) suggest that paraphrase extraction and coreference resolution have applications in Question Answering, Information Extraction, Machine Translation, and so forth. Paraphrase pairs might be coreferential, and coreference relations are sometimes paraphrases. Paraphrasing concerns meaning, whereas coreference is about discourse referents. Thus, they do not always coincide.
The current work investigates the problems that occur when coreference resolution is considered as a multilingual task (Zhekova, 2013). The investigation carried out a detailed analysis that includes eight different languages (Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, Dutch, English, German, Italian and Spanish) for which datasets were provided by the only two multilingual shared tasks on coreference resolution held so far. The results confirmed that machine learning provides the needed flexibility for the multilingual task and that the minimal requirement for a language independent system is a part-of-speech annotation layer provided for each of the approached languages. It also showed that the performance of the system can be improved by introducing other layers of linguistic annotations, such as syntactic parses (in the form of either constituency or dependency parses), named entity information, and predicate argument structure.
Another report presents the result of experiments on building a general coreference resolution system for Russian (Toldova and Ionov, 2017). The main aim of those experiments was to set a baseline for this task for Russian using the standard set of features developed and tested for coreference resolution systems created for other languages. The research proposed several baseline systems, both rule-based and ML-based, and it showed that adding some semantic information was crucial for the task and even the small amount of data can improve the overall result. The result indicated that different types of semantic resources affected the performance differently and sometimes more did not imply better.
The discussion on the coreference in this research has a different point of view compared to the previous studies. It merely concerns on the pragmatic issue of the use of the coreferential devices in making a coherent discourse. Such device can be found in the English interpretation of the Quran as shown in the Surah Albaqarah.
2. This is the Book; in it is guidance sure, without doubt, to those who fear Allah. (Ali, 1980). (2), the unity of the discourse is represented by pronoun it that refers to noun the Book and both are co-referential because they refer to the same referent. The presence of co-referential devices makes the discourse coherent.

In example
Teaching discourses for higher education students should be chiefly suggested. This is because of the lack of opportunity and teaching materials in the discourse study. For example, based on the researcher's experience, in teaching Introduction to Linguistics, he often finds students' difficulty to conduct a discourse analysis of English texts. This happened since the study of discourse had only a small portion of Introduction to Linguistics. In addition, the students got only few materials related to discourse analysis during the lectures.
As an effort to further enhance students' role in discourse analysis, the researcher is highly motivated to conduct the research on discourse analysis. This is to fulfill the students' need of discourse materials and their analysis. Therefore, the researcher is interested in investigating the application of discourse analysis in the English text in a study entitled Coreferential Devices in the Qur'anic Interpretation. 3. What are the relationship types of the coreferential devices in the Quranic interpretation?

Reference and Coreference
Reference in the view of the traditional semantics is the relationship between words and things. In line with this argument, Lyons (2006: 404) states that the relationship between the word with the object referred to as a reference. The word book for example has a reference to the object in the form of a set of paper bound to be written or read.
According to Halliday and Hassan (2005: 33), based on the direction, reference can be divided into two types, exophora and endophora. Exophora refers to things outside of text. Endophora refers to things indicated in the text and divided into two types.
Anaphora emphasizes on the precedents or previous items. Look at the sun. It 's going down quickly. In this example, It refers to the sun.. Meanwhile Cataphora is a cross-reference to the antecedent or element afterwards. It 's going down quickly, the sun. In this example, the cataphoric word, It refers to the sun.
Based on previous discussion, it is noted that the reference is the relationship between language and the world outside language. Meanwhile, coreference is the relationship of language expressions in different parts of the text (Brown and Yule, 2003: 204). Thus, it can be stated that the relationship of coreference is just limited to the text concerned, or it is endophoric, either cataphoric or anaphoric. As the name implies, coreference means cross reference between two or more expressions that refer to the same referent. (Quirk et al, 1998: 863). This view limits the coreference's occurrence within the text, and also suggests the existence of cross-reference between elements that have the same reference, either anaphoric or cataphoric.
Based on direction, coreference can be anaphoric or cataphoric. Meanwhile its relationship can be distinguished on the shape of its elements interconnected (Brown and Yule, 2003: 193).

B. RESEARCH METHOD
In this paper, used descriptive qualtitative research. It is method which describe and interpret the object is accordance with reality..This is a descriptive qualitative research in which it aims to describe the characteristics, properties, and images of the data accurately in accordance with the nature of the data themselves (Djadjasudarma, 2000: 15). In this case, the captured data really exist without considering whether the language used in discourse grammatical or ungrammatical. Moreover, qualitative study is naturalistic in which the data are stated in the forms of written or spoken words and people's behaviors that can be observed, not be changed in symbols and numbers (Sukidin & Mundir, 2005: 23).
In line with this argument, qualitative method emphasizes on an inductive data analysis, starting from the empirical facts on the ground which are then formed into the buildings of theory.

The population of this research is all texts of Quranic interpretation of Surah
Albaqarah by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The interpretation of Abdullah Yusuf Ali is selected because of its characteristics that stand out, i.e. very elegant style, the choice of words that is closer to the meaning of the original text, and the interpretation accompanied by notes and scientific reviews (Sherif, 1994: 232  In analyzing the data, the researcher used a distributional method, namely by using the determined elements in the language studied (Djajasudarma, 1993: 60). The starting point began with the study of the data which had already been sorted through linguistic intuition. This study described the discourse into several elements, consisting of sentences, clauses, phrases and words containing coreferential elements.
The steps taken in analyzing the data were as follows: 1. Reading all the sentences and identifying each sentence by providing a number in parentheses at the beginning of the sentence; 2. Classifying data based on co-referential markers; 3. Categorizing and analyzing the data based on categories of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences which were co-referential; 4. Sorting and analyzing the data to determine the elements that were co-referential.

C. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
Coreference in the English interpretation of Surah Albaqarah is firstly characterized by types of coreference. One element of the sentence is co-referential with others when both refer to the same referent. Based on the data classification, there are four types of coreference, i.e (1) repetition, (2) lexical replacement, (3) substitution, and (4) deletion.

Repetition
Repetition mentions back an element of the sentence. It is intended to give emphasis on the content or massage delivered. The repetition is one of co- referential efforts to support the unity of the discourse. Repetition occurs eight times or 6.55%. Consider the following example.
(1) 8. Of the people there are some who say: "We believe in Allah and the Last Day," but they do not (really) believe.
In (1), coreference is shown by the word believe in the construction ... We believe in Allah and is repeated back in ... but they do not (really) believe. Both are coreferential because in addition to having the same word class of verb, they also refer to the same referent, i.e. the meaning of 'trust / believe'.
The repetition of elements in the following discourse shows the same pattern.
(2) 15. Allah will throw their mockery back on them, and give them rope in their trespasses; so they will wander like blind ones. (

3) 37. Then learned Adam from his Lord words of inspiration, and his Lord turned toward him; for He is Oft-Returning, Most
Merciful.
From the above data, it can be seen that the repetition is found in the word them (2), and his Lord (3). The repetition of them and his Lord makes the discourses co-referential because both refer to the same referent. In (4), replacement is seen by substituting pronoun they with a different form of pronoun, i.e themselves. Both are co-referential because they and themselves refer to the same referent. The same pattern is found in the following discourse.

Replacement
(5) 10. In their hearts is a disease; and Allah has ncreased their disease, and Grievous is the penalty they (incur), Because they are false (to Themselves).
(6) 13. When it is said to them: "Believe as the others believe" they say: "Shall we believe as the fools believe?" nay, of a surety they are the fools but they do not know.
From the above data, it is found that the replacement occurs by substituting a disease with their disease in (5) and they with we in (6). Both are co-referential because of having the same referents.

Substitution
Substitution is characterized by the replacement of the elements of sentences with pronouns that have the same referents. It is found as many as 62 data of substitution or 50.81%. Consider the following examples.
(7) 2. This is the Book; in it is guidance sure, without doubt, to those who fear Allah.
In (7) substitution occurs as the noun the Book is replaced by pronoun it that refer to the same thing. Substitution can also be seen in the following data. From the above data, substitution occurs with replacing the word people with you (8) and the angels with they (9). Both are respectively co-referential because of having the same referents.

Deletion
Deletion or ellipsis is a relationship marker between elements in sentences.

effect. For Allah is to all people most surely full of kindness, Most
Merciful.
(12) 19. Or (another Similitude) is that of a rain-laden cloud from the sky; in it are zones of darkness, and thunder and lightning, they press their fingers in their ears to keep out the stunning thunder-clap, the while they are in terror of death. But Allah is ever round the rejecters of Faith! In the two above discourses, deletion is characterized by the removal of the elements of a sentence, that is another similitude as Subject in (11) and a change as Complement (12). Nevertheless, the presence of elements which was removed can be foreseen with the filling in parentheses.

Coreferential Devices in the Quranic Interpretation
Coreferential devices refer to elements of sentences which signal the coreference due to the same referents. Based on data classification, there are fourteen co-referential devices found in the Quran, i.e. repetitions of (1) words, (2) phrases, replacements of (3) word by word, (4) word by phrase, (5) phrase by word,

Repetition of words
Repetition of words occurs when a word as a discourse element is repeatedly mentioned to show the same meaning.
(13) 9. Fain would they deceive Allah and those who believe, but they only deceive Themselves and realize (it) not!
In (13), the element repeated, the verb deceive is co-referential since both have the same referent of meaning.
The same pattern occurs in the following discourse. Repetition of words can be signaled by re-mentioning the word Allah in (14) and pronoun Me in (15). The repetition shows the coreference due to the same referent.

Repetition of phrases
In this type, a discourse element, a phrase is wholly restated as can be seen The repetition is signaled by the restatement of the phrase his Lord in (16) and the transgressors in (17). The phrase repetition shows the coreference due to the same meaning both have respectively.

Replacement of word by word
This replacement occurs when a word as a discourse element is replaced by a different word but with the same referent.
(18) 13. When it is said to them: "Believe as the others believe" they say: "Shall we believe as the fools believe?" nay, of a surety they are the fools but they do not know. In the three discourses above, word to word replacement occurs as a word is substituted with different words, but with the same referent. Here pronoun them is replaced by we in (18), they by we in (19) and a noun it by the book in (20).

Replacement of word by phrase
Replacement of word to phrase occurs when a word is replaced by a higher level element, namely a phrase that has the same referent.
(21) 16. These are they who have bartered guidance for error: but their traffic is profitless, and they have lost true direction.
(22) 26. Allah disdains not to use the Similitude of things, cancel as well as highest. Those who believe know that it is truth from their Lord; but those who reject Faith say: "What means Allah by this Similitude?" By it He causes many to stray, and many He leads into the right path, but He causes not to stray, except Reviews those who forsake (the path). shall have their reward with their Lord ; on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve.
The replacement of word to phrase is signaled by substituting a word by a phrase that has the same referent. Here the word guidance is substituted by the phrase true direction in (21), Allah by their Lord in (22), and (23). This replacement is coreferential due to the same referent they have respectively.

Replacement of phrase by word
In this type of replacement, a phrase is substituted by a lower level, namely a word as can be seen on the examples below.
(24) 35. We said: "O Adam! Dwell thou and thy wife in the Garden , and eat of the bountiful things Therein as (where and when) ye will, but approach not this tree, or ye run into harm and transgression." The replacement occurs when the phrase the garden is substituted by the word Therein in (24), the phrase this town by the word Therein in (25) and the phrases your hearts with the word rock in (26). The replacement is co-referential due to the same referents they have respectively.

Replacement of phrase by phrase
In this type of replacement, a phrase is substituted by a different phrase, but with the same referent. Take a look at the following data.

Replacement of clause by word
In this type of replacement, a clause as a discourse element is substituted by a lower level element, namely a word as can be seen on the following example. In (30), the replacement is characterized by substituting the clause Who has made the earth your couch with the word Allah that has the same referent.
Therefore, both are co-referential.

Substitution of I by Me
This type of substitution is characterized by the replacement of pronoun I by pronoun me. Give a notice to the following example. The substitution occurs when pronoun I is substituted by pronoun me. Both are coreferential due to the same referent they have.

Substitution by they, them, themselves
This substitution is characterized by replacing elements of the discourse with pronouns they, them, themselves as illustrated by the bottom line.  (34). The replacements make the discourses co-referential due to the same referents the elements have respectively. and will again bring you to life; and again to Him will ye return.

Substitution by He and Him
(37) 137. So if they believe as ye believe, they are indeed on the right path; but if they turn back, it is they who are in Schism; but Allah will suffice thee as against them, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.
The substitution is signaled by replacing Allah with He in (35), with Him in (36), and with He in (37). The replacement make the discourses co-referential due to the same referents the elements have respectively.

Substitution by We
This type of substitution is characterized by the replacement of the elements of the discourse by pronoun We as illustrated below. The substitution is identified by replacing Allah with We in (38-40). The replacements make the discourses co-referential due to the same referents the elements have respectively.

Substitution by It
This substitution is characterized by the replacement of the elements of the discourse by pronoun It as shown on the following examples.
(41) 12. Of a surety, they are the ones who make mischief , but they realize it not.
(42) 17. Their Similitude is that of a man who kindled a fire ; when it lighted all around him, Allah took away their light and left them in utter darkness, so they could not see.
(43) 19. Or (another Similitude) is that of a rain-laden cloud from the