Determination of Groundwater Using Geoelectric Methods: Schlumberger Configuration in Rokan Hulu Regency

This study aimed at detecting the presence of groundwater in Masda Makmur Village, Rambah Samo District, Rokan Hulu Regency, using the Schlumberger configuration geoelectric method. The study consisted of 3 sounding points within every 100 m sounding track length. The measurement data is processed using IP2WIN software and Progress to see layer data below the ground level based on the value of the resistivity type. The results showed that the estimated groundwater could be found on track one with a kind of resistivity value of 7,44 Ωm at a depth of 15-22 m. Alleged groundwater can be found on the second track with a type of resistivity value of 75,73 Ωmat a depth of 13-18 m, and the estimated groundwater can be located on the third track with a kind of resistivity value of 82,52 Ωm, 93,26 Ωm. The deeper and the lower resistivity value shows that the layer has the potential as a carrier layer of groundwater (aquifer). Sounding 1 and 2 have the potential to make bore wells which are thought to be depressed aquifer. The results of this study can be used further for mapping the location of community boreholes


INTRODUCTION
Water is essential for life on earth (Saranga et al., 2016).Water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (H2O).Living things cannot live without water.The increasing population requires a sufficient amount of water.In Indonesia, especially Rokan Hulu Regency, population growth is increasing every year (Bappeda Rokan Hulu, 2015).
In 2016, the percentage of population growth rate in the Rokan Hulu Regency was 0.27%, 2017 experienced an increase of 0.09%, and in 2018 there was an increase of 0.05%.For Rambah Samo District, Rokan Hulu Regency in 2016 the population growth rate was 1,36%, 2017 increased by 1,82% and in 2018 again experienced a significant increase of 2,05% (BPS Rokan Hulu, 2017).The higher of the population growth rate, the more need for clean water by the community.Groundwater is one source of life necessities for living things on earth (Hanifa, Sota, & Siregar, 2016;Sehah & Aziz, 2016).Groundwater is all water found in layers containing water (aquifers) below the surface of the soil.The role of groundwater is increasingly essential to become the primary water source to fulfill the basic needs of many people (Jusuf, 2015;Sedana, As'ari, & Tanauma, 2015).
Several studies on the detection of groundwater estimation using Schlumberger configuration have been carried out, including editions (Edisar, 2013) of data obtained, namely zoning of free aquifers and depressed aquifers.Sehah and Azis (Sehah & Aziz, 2016) obtained resistivity data that represents the type of subsurface rock shallow aquifer layer estimated to be composed of fine-grained sand (0.85 Ωm) and sandy clay (13.25 Ωm) with a depth between 7.35-29.44m.
From various studies that have been carried out, information about aquifer layers in Riau province is still very limited, aquifer mapping is only carried out in the area around city of Pekanbaru (Alfadli et al., 2017;Parhusip & Syech, 2013), while information on the location of aquifers is also needed in other districts in Riau Province, one of them is Rokan Hulu District.This district is one of the twelve districts in the city in Riau Province.Some clean water facilities in this district do not operate optimally because the source of water used is based on wells.Water from the wellbore is no longer flowing because the determination of the drilling location is only an estimate and is not well planned.With this problem, information about the area of the aquifer is needed.
Masda Makmur village is one of the communities located in Rambah Samo District, Rokan Hulu Regency.This village is located not far from the river, but during the dry season, the village often experiences drought.Most of the residents use rain-fed wells as water reserves for their daily needs.This is indeed not effective, because, in the end, these wells will experience drought during the dry season.To be able to minimize dryness during the dry season, local people can use groundwater sources.But until now, no research has been carried out to detect the presence of groundwater in this area.

METHODS
The research was conducted in Masda Makmur Village, Rokan Hulu Regency.The tool used in this research is resistivity meter Georesist RS505, GPS, and Laptop.The tools used in processing data are Progress and IP2WIN software.
The geological map of the research area is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The geological setting is divided into many stratigraphic components (Sihapas Formation Formation, Farmer Formation, Alluvium, and Minas Formation).The hydrological characteristics of Rokan Hulu are shown by several rivers flowing from the peak of Suligi or from the east to the hills towards the West.
The research area was around the river.The river flowing in Rokan Hulu consists of two types of streams, the river flowing through Rokan Hulu and the river flowing only in Rokan Hulu alone.The method used in this study is the resistivity geoelectric method using the Schlumberger configuration.The resistivity geoelectric method is still the most powerful technique and costeffective in the investigation of groundwater (Mahmoud & Kotb, 2017).All types of resistivity measurements are seeking to track changes in resistivity values vertically and horizontally (Bashir et al., 2014;Kumar, 2015;Mahmoud & Kotb, 2017).
This method consists of electric current between two electrodes injected through the ground, and then induction between two potential electrodes produces a potential difference (Claude, Théophile, Patrick, & Crepin, 2014;Tijani, Osinowo, & Ogedengbe, 2009).The geoelectric data collection location map based on the points of the electrodes which are formed which form several lines (Figure 2. Map of Research).
The electrode arrangement in the Schlumberger configuration can be seen in Figure 3.The type of material can be known based on the resistivity value of the structure in each layer presented in table 1.
From Figure 3 above, the apparent resistivity equation for this configuration is formulated as (Fitrianto, Taufiq, & Mukromin, 2018): With ρa is pseudo resistivity (Ωm), K is a geometry factor, ∆V is a potential difference (Volt), and I is the amount of current (ampere).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sounding 1
On sounding 1, the track length is 100 meters.This track is located at 0054' 34'E and 100023'44' N. The interpretation results on track one is shown in Figure 4 and 7(a) with an RMS error of 9,08%.
In the first layer with a depth of 0-0,5 m, the resistivity value is 79,90 Ωm.This type of resistivity value is interpreted as a surface groundwater layer which is thought to originate from rainwater infiltration (Bakri, 2019).At a depth of 0,5-3 m has a resistivity value of 154,69 Ωm.This type of resistivity value is associated with alluvium.The kind of resistivity value is above 100 Ωm.
The resistance value of this type is higher than the value of the previous resistance (Febriani & Sohibun, 2019).Presumably, this layer is the gravel layer.At depths of 3 -8,5 m have a more significant value of resistivity of 1535,27 Ωm.This high type of resistivity value is assumed to be a sandstone layer.This layer does not contain groundwater.At a depth of 8,5 -15 m has a resistivity value of 154,91 m.This type of resistance value is thought to be a layer of gravel (Bakri, 2019) and at a depth of 15-22 m has a low resistance value of 7,44 Ωm.
The value of this type of low resistivity is associated with groundwater, namely (1-100 Ωm).According to Wijaya (Wijaya, 2015), the value of detainees of types less than (10 Ωm) is assumed to be groundwater that has poor quality.Seen conditions in the field, there is a pile of garbage that is thought to reduce the quality of the groundwater.

Sounding 2
On sounding 2, the track length is 100 meters.This track is located at coordinates 0054' 37'' E and 100023'43'' N. The results of the interpretation on the second track with RMS error 7,65% have different layer variations shown in Figures5 and 7 (b).In the first layer, with a depth of 0 -0,5 m has a resistivity value of 20,59 Ωm.This type of resistivity value is interpreted as a surface groundwater layer which is thought to originate from rainwater infiltration (Bakri, 2019).At a depth of 0,5 -3 m has a resistance value of 449,86 Ωm.Alleged rock in this layer is gravel (Febriani & Sohibun, 2019).At a depth of 3,5-13 m has a higher resistance value than the previous layer, which is 2874,68 Ωm.This type of resistivity value can be interpreted as a layer of sandstone that has no potential for groundwater.
At a depth of approximately 13-18 m, the value of the resistivity is lower, which is 75,73 m.This layer is supposed to be a layer of sand that can escape and store water.This type of resistivity value is assumed to be potential groundwater because at this depth the layer thickness is up to 5 meters (Febriani & Sohibun, 2019).

Sounding 3
The length of the third tracks stretches with a length of 100 meters with a distance between electrodes of 0,5 meters.This track is located in coordinates 0054'36'' E, and 100023'40'' N. The interpretation of the three tracks with 4,3% RMS errors have different layer variations (Figures 6 and 7 (c)).
In the first, second, and third layers, it has a resistivity value of 183 Ωm, 377,27 Ωm, and 687,34 Ωm.These three layers are thought to be non-aqueous layers because they have resistivity values of more than 100 μm (Febriani & Sohibun, 2019).From a depth of 7,5-28 m, the type of resistivity value between 42-93,26 Ωm can be interpreted as one variation of the layer, namely the sand layer with a layer thickness of up to 20 m.The depth of this layer can be assumed as potential groundwater (Bakri, 2019).

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the groundwater was found in all three soundings points with varying resistivity values ranging from 7 to 93.26 Ωm.The type of constituent material is sand.The three sounding points have different layers of variation.The deeper resistivity value and the lower it shows that the layer has the potential as a carrier layer of groundwater (aquifer).Sounding 1 and 2 have the potential to make bore wells which are thought to be depressed aquifer while sounding three is believed to be a free aquifer.Information on aquifer layers that have been obtained from the research can be a reference for stakeholders and the community to map the location of drilling wells.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
YF drafted and designed the research design.RA detects the presence of water and collects data.AA performs statistical calculations and generates results.MA conducts discussions.DN made edits.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geological Map of the Research Area

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Map Based on The Points Electrodes

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Arrangement of Electrodes in Schlumberger Configuration