Various Forms and Meanings of Diminutive in Classical and Modern Arabic

_______________________ *Correspondence Address: dosen02345@unpam.ac.id Abstract: Diminutive (isim tasgĩr) is often interpreted in Arabic as a word that means 'little'. In fact, linguistic data shows the many meanings denoted and connoted by this diminutive form and meaning. Hence, this study aims to describe various forms and meanings of diminutive lexemes in Arabic. Diminutive is a small form of a word which in Arabic is often referred to as isim tasgĩr. The method which is used is descriptive-qualitative. The source of research data are Arabic dictionaries, poetry collections and novels. The results of this study indicate: first, diminutive in Arabic if it is seen in its form has one morpheme, namely u ay, with three different realizations depending on the number of consonants of a word, i.e. when the lingual unit (adjective or noun) is minimized consists of three consonants, u ay i when the lingual unit (adjective or noun) is divided consisting of four consonants and u ay iy, with several omissions of several consonants when the lingual unit both the noun and the adjective are divided into five consonants or more; secondly, it is diminutive in Arabic if it is seen as the meaning that shows affection, closeness, intimacy, insulting or looking down, praising and others. The significance of this research based on the presentation of other meanings which are not only of 'smallness' or 'littleness' of its meaning. This study at least has a novelty about adding other meanings that is broader than just a small meaning in Arabic.


Introduction
Diminutive in Arabic is one of the many complex processes of morphological change. Although all Arabic words can be mapped to three patterns based on the number of consonants, in certain cases, the pattern of changing these words into diminutive form is very complicated. For example, the word kitāb. At a glance, the word can be categorized as a trilateral noun with three consonants [k, t and b]. Based on this basis, it can simply be changed into diminutive form following the first pattern of fuʔayl (CuCayC), then as a rule it becomes kutayb by changing the vowel [i]to [u] and [ā] to [ay]. But in reality, the diminutive form is not in the form of kutayb, but kutayyib with the geminate [y] that follows the second fuʔayʔil (CuCayCiC) pattern. From there, then the question arises as to the fact that why kitābare actually composed of three consonants [k, t and b] diverted to follow the fuʔayʔil pattern (CuCayCiC) and not to follow the fuʔayl pattern (CuCayC).
Another problem also arises in the word mustagfir which consists of six consonants and hence follows the third pattern of fuʔayʔiyl (CuCayCiyC) so that when it is changed into diminutive form, there is the reduction of two consonants from mustagfir to mugayfiyr. In that word, the consonants omitted are [s] and [t]. The problem is then why the second and third consonants are reduced and why can the reduction be carried out on the fourth or fifth consonant. 1 In addition to the above problems, nouns that have been changed to be diminutive cannot be separated from problems of meaning.
Sometimes the meaning of a lexeme after being diminutive has a meaning far different from the original lexeme. Therefore this paper questions two levels of linguistic problems in diminutive formation; first, the problem of morphological change and second, the problem of semantic change.
Based on some of the complexities above, the topic of diminutiveness is very important to study. 2 There are five special articles that review about Arabic diminutive.

First, The Diminutives in The DīwānIbnQuzman: A Product of Their Hispanic Milieu?By
Abu Haidar (1989) 3 . Abu Haidar's discussion focused more on the existence of diminutive words in IbnQuzman's poems without paying further attention to his pattern of morphological change. In addition, his findings also emphasized more on Amiyah Arabic vocabulary. While this paper focuses on patterns of change in diminutive Arabic Standard (classic and modern). Besides that, what Haidar presented is nothing more than a small meaning in diminutive form. Further elaboration on its meaning did not receive much attention in his study.

Second, Arabic Morphology: Diminutive Verb and Diminutive Nouns in San'ani
1 This paper tries to answer the diminutive morphological problem above with the basic assumption that in Arabic, long vowels ā (vowels a plus alif like ‫اء‬ َ ‫,)م‬ ī (vowels i plus y like َ ‫ْم‬ ‫,)مِم‬ ū (u plus w like َ ‫ْم‬ ‫ُم‬ ‫)م‬ are worth studied furthermore, especially the origin of its formation 2 To simplify the analysis and presentation, in this paper, the long vowel ī is transliterated as a combination of i and consonant y sukun and ai transliterated as ay following Arabic directly, because the position of y in diminutive Arabic is so important. So ‫ٌل‬ ‫ْم‬ َ ‫ُم‬ was not written fuʔail but was written fuʔayl and so on. 3 J.A Abu-Haidar, ""The Diminutives in the "Dīwān" of Ibn Quzmān: A Product of Their Hispanic Milieu?,"" Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 52, no. No. 2 (1989) : 239-54. Arabic by Watson Janet (2006) 4 .Like the previous work, this article reviews the Arabic Amiyah dialect of San"ani, Yemen. One focus of this paper is to discuss diminutive verbs in the San'ani dialect Arabic. Of course the interesting aspect is his findings regarding the number of verbs that are minimized in the amiyah dialect. In fact, diminutive verbs in official Arabic are rarely found except only in interjection sentences and that is also limited to certain verbs.
Third, Default Diminutive: Evidence from Modern Standard Arabic by Sabri Alshboul (2013). 5 Alshboul studies standard Arabic and emphasizes the formation of feminine pluralistic diminutive Arabic. To conclude, sufix -at as a marker of feminine pluralism is always added to singular, masculine and feminine diminutives and not to plural nouns that are made into diminutive. For example, masculine singular rajul becomes rujayl and is called rujaylāt, not rijāl (plural rajul) becomes rujayyil. Alshboul's research does not explore further the variety of forms and meanings of diminutive lexemes in Arabic. As it will be discussed later, Alshboul is very minimal in data and his review only focuses on the form of diminutive plural. Of course, it is different from the study that is conducted through this paper. The focus of our study is that which has not been touched by Alshboul, which is a matter of the variety of meanings and forms that can be displayed in diminutive ways. Hamid and Sahar Faiq (2009) 6 .This article reviews the comparative dimensions in Arabic and English. The results of the article's research stated that diminutive lexemes in English and Arabic consist of vocabulary, morphological processes and part of speech. This article explains that the pronunciation and meaning of some vocabulary meanings in English and Arabic are similar. English basically uses suffixation and prefix, while Arabic depends entirely on infixation, in which some patterns are basically determined by the morphology of words. Imam Hamid and Sahar Saiq forget that diminutive Arabic experiences a pattern of transfixation, not fixation. Infixation only occurs in one addition while transfixing is the insertion of more than one morpheme simultaneously and of 4

Fifth, Noun Diminutive Formation in Algerian Arabic as Used in Jijel: An
Optimality Analysis by Samia Azieb (2008). This article analyzes the formation of diminutives in Jijilian Spoken Arabic (JSA), which is an Arabic dialect, and calculates it in the Optimality Theory Framework. The article has revealed that the formation of diminutives in JSA comes from the application of the following phonological processes: vocal syncope, vocal epenesis, vocal shortening, slide insertion, degemination and metathesis. The five articles did not mention in detail the internal structure of changes in diminutive standards in both classical and modern Arabic.
Diminutive itself means the form of words with small meanings, usually with the addition of suffix 7 . The addition of suffixes applies to Indo-European languages such as Dutch -je, French -ette and English -let 8 . In contrast to Indo-European languages, Arabic diminutive is very unique, not using the addition of suffixes at the end of a word that is changed into diminutive form but rather by changing according to certain patterns 9 .
Morphological processes of diminutive form in Arabic can be realized in the form of minor fixation or derivation 10 . Actually this process is done by adding affixes to the root of the word to be changed into diminutive form can mean 'small', whether it is used for its literal or metaphorical meaning 11 . Word-formation in Arabic occurs internally, namely by the process of affixation and modification at the root of a word 12 . However, this process does not occur randomly, but rather by following certain patterns which correspond to the morphological structure of the words that can be changed according to diminutive forms.
All three patterns are used according to the number of consonants in a word. The first pattern applies to all words consisting of three consonants. For example, the word roqm Based on the pattern of diminutive formation as has been explained by experts above, it can be illustrated that actually diminutive Arabic has only one basic pattern namely u ay, with three realizations (u ay, u ay I and u ay iy) and this is certainly different from the opinions of some experts who divide it into three patterns. The pattern of u ay becomes u ay when the lingual unit (adjective or noun) of diminutive form consists of three consonants. The pattern u ay become u ay i when the lingual unit (adjective or noun) of the diminutive form consists of four consonants. The u ay pattern realizes to become u ay iy with the reducing of several consonants when the lingual unit of both nouns and adjective is consisted of five or more consonants.
So, this study will analyze the data relating to diminutive in the frame that diminutive in Arabic actually only has one form with three different realizations depending on the number of consonants that are in the diminutive. The formulation of the problem can be framed as below; first, what is the form of variant diminutive in Arabic and second, what is the meaning of the form? Does the lexemes being diminutive always contain "little" in meaning or not?The purpose of this research is to describe diminutive forms in Arabic and present variants of its meaning. In addition, this research also ensures that diminutive in Arabic does not only mean 'small'.

Method
The object of this research is diminutive lexemes in Arabic. The data is taken from Arabic dictionaries such as Mu'jam al-Lughat al-Arabiyah al-Mu'ashirah, al-

Qomus al-Muhit, Lisan al-Arab, DiwanAbi-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi and Tauq al-Hamamah.
The reason of selection of several dictionaries, collections of poems and novels as a source of data is due to that the lexemes are sufficient to collect classical and modern Arabic vocabulary. There are three methods used in this study, namely (1) data collection method, (2) data analysis method, and (3) data analysis results presentation method. The data to be raised is diminutive Arabic patterned with three realizations. Because the study is in the form of written language, in collecting data, it uses the note taking technique, by recording all data in a data card. After the data is collected, then the data is analyzed using the method of distribution using the transforming technique and the referential equivalent method. After the data analysis is complete, the results of the analysis are laid out in the form of a description that will be presented informally in the discussion. It is said to be informal because the results are presented in ordinary words rather than using symbols. However, the author also uses <which means "comes from" and> which means "becomes" and that means formal methods are also used in presenting the results of data analysis in this study. 17
Based on the data above it can be seen that there is no change at all in feminine nouns. That is, the pattern can be likened to masculine gender nouns. However noteworthy, not all Arabic feminine nouns end up with suffixes -ah as in the words uðun, ʔayn, sinn, dār andnār. The feminine gender nouns, if changed to diminutive form, should be added to the suffix at the end of the word. For example: (11) uðun "ears">uðayn-ah "small ear", (12) ʔayn "eyes">ʔuyayn-ah "small eye", (13) sinn "teeth">sunayn-ah "small tooth", (14) dār "house">duwayr-ah "small house", (15) nār "fire">nuwayr-ah "small fire". At a glance data no (14) and (15) show inconsistencies in Arabic legal norms that require the need for three consonants for each word to be become changed into diminutive form. But the words nār"fire" and dār"house" actually come from nawar and dawar respectively. The consonant [w] disappears when it is enclosed in two vowels of [a] and reappears when changed into diminutive form.
A diminutive lexeme pattern consisting of five or more consonants is actually the same as a quadriliteral diminutive pattern except that the difference lies in reducing one or two consonants and adding [y] before the final consonant. This can be described as follows; First, lexemes consisting of 5 or more consonants are made diminutive in advance according to a quadriliteral diminutive pattern. Second, because it is adapted to a quadriliteral diminutive pattern, then one or two consonants are reduced. Third, adding the consonant y before the final consonant. This can be seen in the following data; (42) farazdaq "diamond">furayziq / furaydiq> insertion of affix y (orthographically symbolized by the letter ya "( ‫ْم‬ ) y which is not followed by a vowel) before the final consonant, furayziyq>furayzīq / furaydiyq>furaydīq. (43) safarjal "jewels">sufayril / sufayrij> insertion of affixes y (orthographically symbolized by the letter ya "( ‫ْم‬ ) y which is not followed by a vowel) before the final consonant, sufayriyl / sufayriyj. (44) ʔankabūt "spider">ʔunaykib / ʔunaykit> insertion of affix y (orthographically symbolized by the letter ya"( ‫ْم‬ ) y which is not followed by a vowel) before the final consonant, ʔunaykiyb>ʔunaykīb / ʔunaykiyt>ʔunaykiyt>ʔunaykiy>ʔunaykiy.

Arabic Diminutive: An Overview on Meaning and Function
In data no (42) July 1,1959), 75-90.. 21 ʔibn ( ‫)ات‬ according to Sibawaih is derived from the word [b n w] ( ‫.)تن‬ The last syllable aw is omitted and as compensation the syllabus is replaced by ʔi and placed at the beginning of the word so that it becomes ibn. When it is changed into diminutive, the first process of the word ʔibn is returned to its original root, banaw. Then the process is changed into diminutive such as this: ʔibn>banaw>bunayw>bunayy. The consonant [w] experiences regressive assimilation to [y] because it is preceded by [y].
Diminutive lexeme ʔuxayy does not mean here "little brother"but rather refers to the close relation of the speaker to his friend. The speaker gives advice to his friend who always doesbad things in the eyes of religion. He uses the word ʔuxayy, 22 not ax to show their closeness and familiarity with the speech partners they advise. Diminutive is also sometimes used to underestimate something. That is, in the eyes of the speaker, something is not important. This can be found for example in the poem al-Mutanabbi. Wujayh in the example above is not intended to be "small face" of his lover, but rather intended to praise her beauty, elegance and beauty so that IbnHazm always remembers her every time, until a sip of water that he drinks also reflects his beauty. 23 Diminutive lexeme is also sometimes used to represent new meaning or new form of a word. The decline of Arabic culture in the last two hundred years and the emergence of 22 ʔax ‫)أخ(‬ according to Sibawaih comes from ʔ x w ( ‫.)أخ‬ Then it is changed into diminutive form by going through this process ʔax<ʔaxaw>ʔuxayw>ʔuxayy. 23 In line with the above meaning, IbnFarid in his collection of poems, DīwānIbnFarīd, made a poem about one of the diminutive functions,māqultuhubayyibī min l-tahqiri, balyaðūbu 'smu al-∫axṣi bi Western culture as the centre of modern civilization enabled Arabic to be influenced by foreign languages, especially English as a language of technology and science. Therefore the process of neology is inevitable. Foreign vocabulary translation projects in various parts of the Arab world are being promoted. Not a few English lexemes have adopted their meanings to be later translated and adjusted into Arabic. 24 The translation process for certain foreign vocabulary (for example in the fields of anatomy, chemistry, physics and biology) usually uses diminutive. Thus, diminutive contains many meanings (polysemy). On the one hand, it represents the meaning of 'small' with all of its variants. On the other hand it contains new meanings borrowed from concepts that exist in Arabic culture itself or the concept of loans from foreign civilizations. For example the word batn 'belly' is reduced to butayn meaning 'small belly' both in classical and modern Arabic. Other than 'small stomach',butaynalso means 'heart chambers'. 'Heart chambers' are modern meanings borrowed from Western anatomy.
From the examples above it can be drawn that diminutive can have a double meaning; first, it contains an objective meaning from the diminutive form of the word in question itself, which means little; Second, it contains other meanings which sometimes have nothing to do with the diminutive lexeme meaning. For example, (49) sahl "plain" can have the meaning of "small/narrow plain" and can also mean "Canopus star". The ttaṣgīri. This poem was translated by Nicholson as follows: Not in contempt I say 'my darling'. No!. By diminution names do sweeter grow (Nicholson via Haydar, 1989, 244). 24 Once discussed the influence of English on word-formation in Arabic in the journal of Islamic Studies. His findings include the following; First, the addition of lā prefixes to nouns and adjectives such as lāmutanāhī 'infinite ", lāțabaqī"classless", lāʔaxlāqī "immoral", al-lāʔurubah "anti-Arabic", lāțabaqī"not classy ", lāʔaxlāqī"immoral ", al-lāʔurubah "anti-Arabic ", lāmaʔqūl "not classy ". Secondly, the use of suffix -at to refer to names of science such as as-sowtiyyāt "phonetics", iqtiṣādiyyāt "economics", lughawiyyāt"linguistics", islamiyyāt 'Islamic science ". Whereas before the 20th century, according to Abderahman, to refer to knowledge, usually the pattern used was the addition of al-and nouns. For example, al-ṣarf "morphology", al-handasah "geometry", al-țțib "medicine", al-tārīx "history". Third, the effect is seen in the combination of several lexemes into a dense word (blend). For example bayjuzʔiy 'intermolecular' is a blend of baynaplus juzʔiy, baysațḥiy 'interfacial' is mixing of bayna plus sațḥiy, kimmihayawi 'biochemical' is a blend between kimiyāʔand ḥayawiy, kimikahrabiy 'electrochimical' is a blend of bayna plus sațḥiy, kīmihayawi 'biochemical' is a blend of kimiyāʔand ḥayawiy etc, Abderahman, Wajih Hamad. "A Linguistic Study of The Impact of English on ArabicWord-Formation". Islamic Studies. Vol. 34. No. 2. (1995) : 229-230. relation of meaning between narrow plain"and "Canopus star "is so far away if it is not said to have no relation at all. Therefore, suhayl is a lexeme which means polysemy which not only represents the meaning of 'narrow terrain' but also represents the meaning of 'Canopus star'.
The rest of the lexeme has a related meaning. For example, we can see the data of (50) habb-ah "seeds" with hubaybah "acne", (51) ḥawṣal-ah "cache" with ḥuwayṣil-ah "festering boils", (52) bayd "eggs"with buwayḑ-ah "ovum". The meaning of the lexeme with its diminutive form can be related to the similarity of the forms referred to by the lexemes. Such a lingual phenomenon can also be called "metonymy". Diminutive is also sometimes used to replace classical lexeme which conceptually means relatively the same as the modern form. For example, the meaning of atoms in classical Arabic is expressed through the words al-jauhar al-fard or al-ðarr-ah. The two lexemes are classical Arabic forms that represent the concept of the atom. In the modern age, jusaymwhich is a diminutive ofjism "body"replaces the position of al-jauhar al-fard or al-ðurr-ah. Thus, these two words are not used anymore. 26  25 The brightest star in the Constellation Carina after Sirius. Usually on December 28-29 this star shines very brightly in Meridian. In Arabic culture, Canopus is also called kawkabyamaniy "Yemeni star" as a marker of the coming of the fruit season. 26 At first al -jauhar al-fard or al-ðarr-ah was used by Islamic theologians as an argument or argument to prove the diversity of God's knowledge and as an argument for the novelty of nature. The term was first introduced in the realm of theology by a muktazilah named Abu Hudzail al-Allaf, teacher of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, founder of the AhlSunnahwa al-Jama'ah school (Al-Jabiri, Muhammad Abid. Bunyat al-Aql al-Arabi: Dirasat Taḥlīliyyah Naqdiyyah li Nuḑum al-Ma'rifah fi al-Tsaqōfah al-Arabiyyah. Beirut : root words gafara (g, f and r) and ka∫afa (k, ∫ and f). Whereas the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [u] does not disappear because it is a marker of the perpetrator, as is the case with the prefix in Indonesian. However, it should also be noted that the reduction of the second consonant [s] and the third consonant of [t] only applies to pattern ofmustaftafʔill. Whereas lexemes other than the pattern, only the fourth or fifth consonant is reduced. This third pattern according to us is still problematic if viewed from the standpoint of meaning. Because the rules that apply in Arabic, if there is reduction of one of the lingual elements of a lexeme, it will certainly change the overall meaning or even have no meaning at all. In addition, another consideration is the fact that diminutive of four consonants in Arabic literature is unproductive. Therefore, to make diminutive form of four consonantal lexemes, we propose the use of a periphrastic paradigm. For example, instead of making diminutive of safarjal to sufayrij or sufayriyl, it is more appropriate to use safarjalṣogīr/ḥaqīr which is more meaningful. Second, diminutive in Arabic is often used to show affection, intimacy, insult or look down on, praise and others. It all depends on the meaning of the speaker based on the context behind the speech setting and context.In addition to the pragmatic functions above, diminutive is also used to create a new lexeme (neologism) with a different meaning from that of the diminutive grammatical itself.