BIOSFER: JURNAL TADRIS BIOLOGI

This research aims to determine the use of plants in traditional medicine. This ethnobotany study is quantitative and descriptive and includes exploratory survey techniques and interviews. The research sample included 30 people who identified as shamans/healers or had expertise in medicinal herbs. In this study, quantitative descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the data. Indonesian names, local names, scientific names, family names, organs used, and their advantages are all recorded. Species Use Value is used to calculate the use value of a plant species (SUV). The Dawan community (Amanatun) used 42 species found in this study to cure 30 ailments divided into 13 disease categories. Based on the species use value (SUV) assessment, Dawan (Amanatun) has a pretty high confidence level in 13 of the 42 medicinal plant species identified. Zingiber officinale Rosc. has the


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a tropical country (Elsifa et al., 2019;Syaifullah, 2015) and has the potential to overtake Brazil as the world's second producer of medicinal plants.Thirty thousand of the world's approximately 40,000 identified medicinal plant species are reportedly found in Indonesia (Nuroho, R. A., & Ningsig, 2017).Furthermore, with thousands of islands, Indonesia has a diverse range of traditional and cultural knowledge in using plants to support necessities (Faisal, 2021;Hermawati, 2018).The community uses human-plant resource interaction for various purposes, including medicine (E. A. M. Zuhud, 2019), traditional ceremonies, garment colors, household items, and so on (Iswandono et al., 2015).Community interactions passed down from generation to generation have resulted in unique and diverse traditional knowledge in each region of Indonesia (Irsyad et al., 2013;Maharani et al., 2021).
Medicinal plants have been scientifically proven to possess bioactive substances or components and whose usage can be justified therapeutically (Fauziah et al., 2017;Hidayat & Napitupulu, 2015;Larasati et al., 2019;Nurdin et al., 2022), (Zuhud, EAM., Siswoyo., Soekmadi, R., Sandra, E., Adhiyanto, 2004).Traditional medical herbs mainly employ plants as the primary ingredient.At the same time, some use animals, mineral compounds, or combinations of these ingredients that have been used for generations for treatment and can be applied in accordance with societal norms (KEMENKES, 2017).In general, 15 (fifteen) plant components are utilized as medicine, including leaves, roots, bark, fruit, all parts, woody stems, seeds, flowers, sap, shoots, rhizomes, tubers, branches/twigs, body water, and soft-top part of plants (Indarto et al., 2019;Maretta et al., 2019).These plant parts can be utilized to treat approximately 25 different types of ailments (E. A. M. Zuhud, 2019).Traditional medicine is still very much needed and developed for health maintenance and the first treatment for various diseases (Supriani et al., 2021), notably during the Covid-19 pandemic, people choose to use traditional components as medicine to maintain health and boost immunity (Perdani & Hasibuan, 2021;Susilawati & Hikmatulloh, 2021;Tresnawati et al., 2022).
Local community knowledge is passed down from generation to generation based on the experiences and talents of their forefathers (Rachman, 2012;Salim, 2016;Wae et al., 2022).Local knowledge is passed down orally and is restricted to family members and close relatives (Nasution et al., 2022;Rosmanita & Saharuddin, 2017), which can lead to the extinction of local cultural assets as a result of cultural shift (Haka et al., 2020).Various communities worldwide practice traditional medicine (Supriani et al., 2021).In China, around 11,146 species have been identified and used as traditional medicine by minority people living in rural places (Irmawan, 2017).Furthermore, plants have been utilized in traditional medicine in various Asian countries, including India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, dating back to 4500 -600 BC (Sheng-Ji, 2001).In Indonesia, many ethnic groups (indigenous tribes) living in and surrounding woods (Margarethy et al., 2019;E. A. Zuhud, 2009), from Sabang to Merauke, have employed diverse plant species from forests to preserve health and treat various maladies (Supriani et al., 2021).Various ethnophytomedical-ethnobotanical research conducted by Indonesian researchers has discovered at least 78 species of medicinal plants used by 34 ethnic groups to treat malaria, 133 species of medicinal plants used by 30 ethnic groups to treat fever, 110 species of medicinal plants used by 30 ethnic groups to treat digestion disorders, and 98 species of medicinal plants used by 27 ethnic groups to treat skin diseases (E. A. M. Zuhud, 2019).
So far, just one study has been published on the usage of medicinal plants for the Dawan (Amanatun).Loinenak found This ethnobotanical study is a quantitative descriptive study using exploratory survey and interview techniques.The informants were selected based on the purposive sampling technique with the criteria of the members of the Dawan community (Amanatun) who acted as healers/shamans or people who had consumed medicinal plants.Meanwhile, the snowball sampling method was used to find more informants based on key informants due to the researchers' limited knowledge of the Dawan community members who know medicinal plants.A map of the research location can be seen in Figure 1.

Popultion and Samples
This study was carried out in June 2022.This study was conducted in Hoineno, Nunkolo District, South Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province.The Dawan community (Amanatun) in Hoineno served as the research population.The research sample included 30 people who identified as shamans/healers or had expertise in medicinal herbs.The number of respondents questioned in this study follows guidelines (Sugiyono, 2012), which specify that an ideal sample size in a study is between 30 and 500 people.

Instrument
A questionnaire was employed in this study as an instrument.Questionnaires are used to obtain information.The researcher created the questionnaire by compiling a list of questions about medicinal plant knowledge and use.The title and identity of the research respondents are included in the first section of the questionnaire.The second section includes a series of questions with two question indicators: one for medicinal plant knowledge and one for medicinal plant use in the Hoineno village community.

Procedure
This study collected data in three stages: observation, interviews, and documentation of the Dawan community (Amanatun), who are defined as shamans/healers/people who know and understand medicinal plants.The observation stage was carried out to determine the general condition of the research site, gather information about people who were knowledgeable about medicinal plants, and obtain permission to become research subjects.The interview stage started with visiting people who wanted to become respondents.Then, the researchers gathered information through interviews guided by research questions regarding the community's understanding and use of plants as medicine.The interviews were conducted in the Dawan (uab meto) and Indonesian languages.The documentation step was carried out to record the different varieties of medicinal plants in the form of photographs and videos for later identification.The researchers utilized the Leafsnap tool and the PlantNet application to match the traits with photographs (Hidayat & Napitupulu, 2015), (Tefu, Meti & Sabat, 2021).The researchers also browsed the internet and supported the literature.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For years, the Dawan (Amanatun) community of Hoineno Village, South Central Timor District, has known traditional medicinal plants (Indarto et al., 2019).Except for plant species that are difficult to obtain or types of plants that are generally used as a spice in the kitchen that are cultivated, medicinal plant species grow wild in the yard of the house and the forest (Sembiring et al., 2014).Based on the morphological identification results, it was discovered that the Dawan (Amanatun) community of Hoineno Village, which consisted of 25 families, employed 42 species of medicinal herbs (Table 1).Compared to previous research on the Dawan (Amanuban) tribe, which revealed 103 species, the number of medicinal plant species identified in this area is quite minimal (MOFI & Sabat, 2022).Furthermore, the number of plants identified in this locality was quite tiny when compared to the 1316 species of medicinal plants recognized by the Indonesian Ministry of Health in East Nusa Tenggara.The community's minimal number of plants utilized as traditional medicine is due to a lack of public information about employing various existing plants.This is because knowledge regarding medicinal herbs is only passed down through family members.As a result, other people whose parents do not know how to use medicinal plants will be unaware of the benefits of the plants around them.Even though the community is aware of the benefits of medicinal herbs from many sources, they are hesitant to use them because they are dubious of their usefulness (Jo, 2016).Medicinal plants can be used alone or in conjunction with other plant species.The processing methods are boiling, pureeing, dripping, frying, withering in the fire, and eating directly.Based on the data in Table 1, medicinal plant species are then grouped according to disease categories based on (E.Based on the data obtained, two species are used to treat more than one disease in different categories, such as betel vine (Piper betle L.) and areca nut (Areca catechu L.) that are used as antidotes (ANT), genital infection (STD), digestive tract disease (DTD), headache and fever (HF), and reduce body odor (OT).In addition, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is also used for treating wounds (WH) and enhancing the immune system (OT).A total of 42 species identified in this study are used by the Dawan (Amanatun) community to treat 30 types of diseases grouped into 13 disease categories (figure 1).
Using species for various treatments demonstrates a species' high utility value (Handayani et al., 2017).The Species Use Value (SUV) refers to the level of utility of a plant species in treating a specific type of sickness.Figure 2 depicts the use value of the Dawan (Amanatun) community's traditional medicinal plant species based on the data in table 1.
According to the species use value analysis results, the 13 medicinal plant species with the highest calculated use value are Coughs and sore throats are relieved by ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) by consuming fresh ginger rhizome and roasted coconut directly.Secondary metabolites found in ginger rhizomes include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, and saponins.Ginger rhizome's alkaloid concentration benefits it as an analgesic (pain reliever), cough medication, and migraine relief (Sari & Nasuha, 2021).
Diarrhea is treated using guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) (Afifi, 2018;Fatimatuzzahra et al., 2020).It is used by boiling guava leaves and then drinking them.Flavonoids and tannins are two substances found in guava leaves that play an essential role in diarrhea treatment (Fitriyah et al., 2022;Pranoto, 2021;Ujan et al., 2019).Dewi & Wicaksono, 2020).Areca nut seeds, avocado peels, sugarcane leaves, and Siri leaves are mashed and rubbed on the stomach to alleviate flatulence.Headache is treated with areca nut, kusambi skin, and Siri leaf, which are mashed and then applied to the head.The areca nut bark is burned, combined with Siri fruit, mashed, and administered to a wound as an antidote to poison.Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins are all in areca nuts.Tannins, which have antiseptic and burn-healing effects, can be utilized to prevent wound infections.Flavonoids work as antiseptics, and alkaloids work as antibacterials (Handayani et al., 2017).
The fruit peels and leaves of the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) are used to treat bloody bowel motions.Boiling pomegranate peel and leaf shoots are eaten three times a day till healed.Flavonoids, saponins, and tannins found in pomegranate trees have antibacterial properties (Yunus et al., 2019).Alkaloids and tannins are chemicals hypothesized to be active as antibacterials in treating diarrhea (Prasetyo et al., 2021).
Hazel nut (Aleurites moluccana L.) treats sharp-object stab wounds.The hazelnut seeds are crushed, heated, and applied to the wound as a paste.The chemical components of the candlenut fruit were analyzed and found to include saponins and alkaloids (Irwan, A, 2017).Saponins have the advantage of accelerating hemolytic action, which aids in antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities (A.U. Dewi & Wicaksono, 2020).
Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) is used to alleviate flatulence (Rupilu & Watuguly, 2018;Tansil et al., 2016).leaves are mashed and then applied to the stomach.Sugar apple leaves contain carminative effects, which can reduce stomach wind by eliminating gas from the digestive tract.Phytochemical analysis revealed that sugar apple leaves include flavonoids, saponins, and tannins.Sugar apple leaves have antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, and anti-tumor properties, among other things (Budianta et al., 2019;Purwita et al., 2013;Wasilah et al., 2018).
Coconut (Cocus nusufera L.) is used to cure newborn earache and gomak (Rohana et al., n.d.).The cure involves burning coconut flesh combined with tamarind rind and applying it to the painful ear.To treat gomak in babies, roasted coconut and meniran root are mashed and rubbed on the baby's mouth before cleaning the rest of the mixture with Jatropha curcas sap.Because it includes chemical substances such as polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids, coconut fruit can be employed in medicine and aesthetics (Agustina et al., 2022;Puteri et al., 2016).These compounds, particularly polyphenolics and flavonoids, can be an alternative source of natural antioxidants (Jauziyah et al., 2019).
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is used to treat wounds caused by sharp items as well as impact injuries caused by accidents (Ihsan et al., 2019;Simanjuntak, 2015;Suprihatin, 2015).It is applied to wounds exposed to sharp objects by crushing the turmeric rhizome, heating it, and then putting it to the wound.To treat collision injuries caused by accidents, mix turmeric extract with honey and drink it every morning till it recovers.The phytochemical screening of turmeric rhizome ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and terpenoids.The active chemicals in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizome can serve as antibacterials (Lia Fikayuniar et al., 2019).
Kirinyu (Chromolaena odorata L.) is used to treat sharp-object stab wounds.To apply it, grind the kirinyu leaves and stick them on the wound.Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins are secondary metabolites identified in kirinyu plants.Kirinyu leaves are used as an antiseptic, antimicrobial, cough medicine, and fever medicine to stop bleeding (Munte et al., 2016).

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The Dawan (Amanatun) community uses 42 different species to treat 30 different diseases, which are divided into 13 disease categories: Blood Circulatory Disorder (BCD), Malaria (MAL), Respiratory Tract Disease (RTD), Antidote (ANT), Pregnancy and Birth Treatment (PBT), Muscles and Joint Disease (MJD), Wound Healing (WH), Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), Oral Disease (OD), Skin Disease (SD), Headache and Fever (HF), and Digestive Tract Disease (DTD).Diseases that do not fall into the categories mentioned are included in the Others category (OT).
According to the computation of the species usage value (SUV), the Dawan (Amantun) community has a high level of trust in 13 of the 42 recognized medicinal plant species.Zingiber officinale Rosc.has the highest usage value (SUV of 0.97), whereas Milletia sericea (Vent.)has the lowest (SUV of 0.03).These calculations reveal that the higher the species usage value (SUV), the greater public trust.In contrast, the lower the species use value (SUV), the less public trust in employing the species as traditional medicine.Furthermore, a phytochemical test of the gewang plant species is required to determine the compounds present in the species, given that there has been no research on the phytochemical test of gewang leaves to date.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of the Research Location, Hoineno Village, Nunkolo District, South Central Timor District

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Use Value of Traditional Medicinal Plant Species of the Dawan Community (Amanatun) Hoineno Village, Nunkolo District, South Central Timor Regency