The Influence of Acacia Parasite Filtrate as Bioinsecticide for Bagworms (Methane Plana)

makmunmurod03@gmail.com Dendrophthoe pentandra is a plant parasite that can be detrimental to the host plant and attacks various types of trees, such as acacia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects and determine the concentration of acacia parasite filtrate on bagworms. This research was an experimental study which used 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% parasite filtrate concentrations. The study employed the Completely Randomized Design method with ANOVA as the method of analysis. Based on the results of phytochemical tests, the parasite filtrate contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, phenolics, and tannins. The ANOVA test results showed that the concentration of acacia parasite filtrate affected the mortality of the bagworms. Furthermore, based on Duncan's test, the most effective concentrations to be applied were 80%, 60%, and 100%.

The bagworm (Metisa plana) is one of the pests that are damaging the plants by eating the leaf. The bagworms are found mainly on acacia trees in a plantation (Candra dkk., 2018;Utami & Kurniawan, 2019). The larvae of the bagworms eat leaves to hang and form their bags (Soesatrijo, 2018). However, biopesticides can be utilized to control the parasite. This study was aimed to determine the effects of acacia parasite filtrate and the most optimal concentration to combat the bagworms (Metisa plana).
Based on the results of research by (Sopi & Tallan, 2019) some plants have the potential to be anti-malaria, such as limestone, piper, parasite, and jack fruit. Loranthus is a plant parasite that can harm the host plant and attack various types of trees such as mango, starfruit, acacia, and guava. Based on research results conducted by (Uji, 2010), parasites can be easily found in the Syzygium. Loranthus is a plant that has potential as a medicinal herb derived from semi-parasitic plants (Nugraheni & Pangaribuan, 2008;Sembiring dkk., 2013;Styarini dkk., 2011) Based on the results of research by (Sopi & Tallan, 2019), the Loranthus contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, quercetin, meso-inositol, rutin, and tannin. The content of secondary metabolites can be used as toxic in the form of bioinsecticide. Based on research conducted by (Wongkar dkk., 2015), high concentrations of alkaloids present in the parasite leaves are toxic for Artemia salina larvae. Research conducted by (Anita dkk., 2014) showed that the guava parasite contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids that function as a bactericide. The alkaloid found in the Loranthus has the potential to be used as bioinsecticide to control the bagworms.

METHOD
This research employed the Completely Randomized Design with ANOVA as the data analysis method. The research was carried out at the Ecology Laboratory of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Surabaya State University for 6 months, from May to October 2019. The phytochemical testing on alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, tannins were carried out at the Organic Laboratory of Chemistry, Surabaya State University.
The materials for the research on the acacia parasite filtrate on bagworms were obtained from the East Java Fiber Crops Research Institute (Balittas). The research materials used were 5 kg of acacia parasite leaves and 10 liters of distilled water. The tools needed for this research were blenders, Erlenmeyer flask, electric scales, measuring cups, Petri dishes, and bowls. The research performed manipulations in the form of acacia parasite filtrate concentration, control treatments, the number of bagworms, the numbers of 0% concentration spraying, and treatments' responses in the form of bagworm mortality.
The bagworms samples were obtained from the Malang Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute (Balittas). The bagworms samples were taken and then placed in a container for acclimatization and continued treatments. The sample of parasite leaves was taken from acacia. The acacia parasite leaf filtrate was made by using the tip of young parasite leaves which were then washed thoroughly using running water. The leaves were then drained, dried, and crushed into 500 grams powder. Five hundred ml of sterile distilled water was poured into the powder and then the mix was placed into sterile gauze to be squeezed so that the water from the sterile gauze containing the parasite leaf filtrate can be extracted (Suhaillah and Fuadah. 2017). The filtrate was then diluted with distilled water using the formula: M1 × V1 = M2 × V2. The concentrations obtained were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, and 0% (as the control).
This research employed the Completely Randomized Design with one treatment factor, namely the concentration of acacia parasite leaf filtrate. The filtrate consisted of six variations, namely concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, and 0% (as control). One experimental unit used five bagworms with five replications, so a total of 300 bagworms were needed. The method used was the combination of the residual method on the leaves and the insect contact/spraying method. Three leaves were used as feeds in each treatment replication. The surface of the leaves was smeared with the filtrate and the rest was sprayed on the tested larvae. The larvae had been fed by the treatment leaves for 72 hours and then they were fed fresh leaves. The experiment was carried out in a factorial fashion which consisted of six levels of parasite leaf filtrate concentrations (K), namely 0: 0% concentration, 1: 20% concentration, 2: 40% concentration, 3: 60% concentration, 4: 80 % concentration, and 5: 100% concentration. Also, there were controls and the replications were carried out five times within 72 hours of observation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of phytochemical tests, the acacia parasite contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, phenolics, and tannins. There was 200 mL of filtrate produced from 326 grams of parasite leaves. The filtrate was then tested on the bagworms (Metisa plana) with several concentrations, namely 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%.   Based on the testing, the parasite leaf filtrate on affected the mortality of the bagworms. The dynamics of bagworm mortality rates during the research activities were at the concentrations of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Figure 1 shows the increase in the percentage of bagworm mortality from the first day to the third day. The highest bagworm mortalities were obtained at 100%, 60%, and 80% concentrations with the mortality percentage of 96%, 96%, and 92%. The lowest mortality rate was found in filtrate treatment with a concentration of 0% which resulted in a 0% mortality percentage. In the treatment with the 60% of filtrate concentration, the mortality of the bagworms was quite high because the toxic content found in the filtrate was able to affect the bagworms. The concentration was increased day by day resulted in a higher active content of the biopesticide. The secondary metabolite contents in the parasite filtrate have the potential as the toxic ingredients for the bagworm which causes death. The right concentration of plant-based insecticides ingested by insects can directly cause insect mortality whereas at non-lethal concentrations only affect behavior and physiology (F. Lestari & Darwiati, 2014) The data of observation on the cause of mortality of bagworms was supported by the results of the phytochemical test which shows that the parasite leaf filtrate contained secondary metabolites in the form of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, phenolics, and tannins. The presence of secondary metabolite compounds that were sprayed on the leaves caused the leaves to taste bitter with a pungent odor, causing the bagworms to unable to eat and die.
Based on research by (Sundaryono, 2011), the flavonoids in parasite leaf affect the bodyweight because the content of these toxic compounds can affect the metabolism of living things. Also, tannin is a polyphenol active compounds that can bind the proteins by creating a bitter sense which influences the level of consumption (Ningsih, dkk. 2013). Based on the results of the study conducted by (Ahmad dkk., 2019), the plant-based insecticides' toxin serves as antifeedant and repellent that disrupts the physiological process and inhibits larval development. This can occur because there is a process of chemical compound activity due to the presence of enzymes, antibiotic proteins, and toxic compounds that can damage the nervous system, respiratory system, and digestive systems of the insects.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The results of the phytochemical test showed that the parasite leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, phenolics, and tannins. It was also found out that the parasite leaf filtrate showed an effect on the mortality of bagworms. The most effective dosages to be applied were 80%, 60%, and 100% concentrations. Further research needs to be carried out to further improve the performance of parasite leaf filtrate as a natural pesticide. More research needs to be done to develop other types of natural and environmentally friendly pesticides to avoid environmental pollution. This research is expected to be used as a reference for further research.