The Influence of Classroom Flipped Model and Heuristic Vee on Students' Understanding of Mathematical Concepts

We already know that, there are many learning models that are used to improve the ability to understand mathematical concepts. In this study, researchers will use two learning models that have been previously studied. But this study is different from previous studies, this study aims to find a better model in improving the ability to understand students' mathematical concepts through test results by applying the flipped classroom and heuristic vee models. The method used in this study is quasi-experimental (quasi-experimental) and testing using the T and N-Gain test. Based on the results of the data analysis conducted, it can be concluded that increasing the ability to understand mathematical concepts of students who use the flipped classroom learning model is far better than vee heuristics.


INTRODUCTION
Understanding mathematical concepts is very important to learn because in this 4.0 era it takes the ability of students who not only understand mathematics learning in general but rather the ability of students who can apply the concept appropriately and efficiently in the process of learning mathematics. The reason understanding of important concepts for students is the basis of knowledge which is the goal of early mathematics learning (Mulligan & Mitchelmore, 2009). The application of constructivism approach with the help of macromedia flash 8, Group Investigation (GI), Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) with Team Game Tournament (TGT), (discovery learning), Realistic Mathematical Approach (PMR) can improve students' concept understanding abilities (Muchlis & Maizora, 2018) (Pranata, 2016) (Menanti & Rahman, 2015) (Agustina, 2016).
Learning mathematics does not only understand the concept or procedure, but many things can emerge from the results of the mathematics learning process (Habibi et al., 2019). Students are said to understand concepts if students are able to define concepts, identify and give examples or not examples of concepts, develop mathematical connection skills between various ideas, understand how mathematical ideas are related to each other so that a thorough understanding is built, and use mathematics in context outside of mathematics. (Istikomah & Jana, 2018) An alternative selection of an appropriate learning approach can improve the ability to understand concepts (Rahmawati, Lestari, & Umam, 2019), which is applied in everyday life (Saragih, 2018) (Istikomah & Jana, 2018).
Referring to the current conditions, understanding of mathematical concepts is still fairly low. Therefore in this study, researchers will compare two learning models that are thought to improve the ability to understand mathematical concepts. The intended learning model is the flipped classroom model and vee heuristic model. Researchers take the flipped classroom model because the model is very flexible with current developments.
Flipped classroom is closely related to technology which in this era of globalization is very suitable for millennial children. From the results of previous studies revealed that the flipped classroom learning model can improve students' understanding of mathematical concepts (Saputra & Mujib, 2018), on electricity and electronics (Hamid & Effendi, 2019), building a culture of good interaction with all elements both among fellow teaching participants, with instructors, teaching materials and technology media , increase student motivation (Mubarok, 2017), influential in many fields (Sukmana & Suartama, 2018), improve thinking skills (Maolidah, Ruhimat, & Dewi, 2017), increase students' self-confidence (Pratiwi, Sahputra, & Hadi, 2017), that this resulted into better learning (Aidinopoulou & Sampson, 2017), and improve student communication skills (Widodo, 2017).
There is a lot of research that uses flipped classroom and heuristic vee models. Both of these models are not only used in mathematics, but also in various other fields (Munifah, Romadhona, et al., 2019). Based on existing research, we know that both models have the same influence in learning. Seen from the many studies that use both models, researchers want to prove which model is better to use . This makes researchers want to continue previous research. The purpose of this article is to find out which model has a better impact on improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts between the Based on Figure 1, the first step is the teacher providing teaching material assisted with technology, for example, providing material in the form of video. then ask students to watch the learning video that has been given previously. Then the teacher forms students in groups to discuss. implementation of the discussion is carried out with a predetermined time and each student must understand the material that has been taught, because at the end of learning the teacher will take an assessment by conducting a quiz. After the learning discussion time is over, the teacher will give quiz questions to test the ability of each student at the end of the lesson.
Based on Figure 2, the first step taken at the beginning of learning is the teacher becomes the main focus, where the teacher explains the basic concepts, the object of discussion, and events in general. Next the teacher conveys the material delivered. There is an introduction to the meaning, followed by recording the material to arrive at the question which becomes the main purpose of the material. The next step each student is asked to change the notes given by the teacher to be more detailed and explore the knowledge of the material being taught, by finding material using teaching resources. After getting more proven material accuracy, students must find theories that strengthen the material, so they can find the principles on which the material is based. At the end of the lesson the teacher will give a test to take a student assessment.
The independent variables in the study are the application of the flipped classroom model and the vee heuristic model. The dependent variable in this study is the ability to understand concepts. Data collection techniques are observation, test and documentation. Data analysis in this study was carried out using statistical analysis. The first step taken by researchers is to calculate the score of the pre-test and post-test results. To find out the increase in students' understanding of concept skills

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of research that discusses the improvement of students' understanding of mathematical concepts obtained from the pre-test and post-test experimental classes that apply the flipped classroom learning model and experimental classes that apply the vee heuristic learning model so that the following research results are obtained. After obtaining the pre-test and post-test average results, it will obtain a gain or difference between the pretest and posttest scores to find out the increase in students' understanding of mathematical concepts. After describing table 2 we get descriptive data in the form of mean, median, variance, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values. The study continued using an independent sample test to get the final conclusions on the study. The results of the independent sample test will be explained in Table 3.  Table 2, obtained a Pvalue <0.05, then H0 in the hypothesis test is rejected. Thus it can be concluded that the flipped classroom model is better in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts than the heuristic vee model.
Flipped classroom learning that occurs is students learn learning material at home in the form of text or video that has been uploaded to the internet by the teacher then when in class students and the teacher discusses things that are not understood by students from the results of learning at home or working on the exercises in class with the difficulty level of questions which is higher than when working on problems independently at home (Ramadhani, Umam, Abdurrahman, & Syazali, 2019). The heuristic learning model vee is a method used to solve problems using the procedures of knowledge discovery knowledge. In accordance with previous researchers heirustik vee learning model is a learning model to assist students in understanding the structure of knowledge and the process of how knowledge is constructed, and shows that the development of peer tutoring learning tools with Heuristic Vee strategies to improve problem-solving abilities meet valid, practical and effective criteria (Ramadhani, Huda, & Umam, 2019). The veur heuristic model emphasizes more students being able to build knowledge independently, students also gain meaningful learning that implies that various information learned will last longer in student memory.
Based on the results of the study showed that the flipped classroom model is better to use than the heuristic vee model. This is shown in the first step of the flipped classroom model using video or other technology-assisted teaching materials to make students interactive with the material to be taught (Munifah, Tsani, et al., 2019). In the vee heuristic model, the teacher is still the main instructor without intermediary media that makes students feel bored with the learning activities undertaken (Huda, Syahrul, Firmansyah, Ramadhani, & Prasetiyo, 2019). It was also explained in the next step that the flipped classroom model invites more students to engage in discussion, but the purpose of the discussion wants students' individualistic abilities to produce individual abilities of students who are intelligent and active. In this study, researchers used an effect size calculation with the final result obtained 0.038. Based on these data, the flipped classroom learning model has an effect of 50% on increasing the ability to understand students' mathematical concepts.
The results of this study are in line with the results of several previous studies namely the application of the flipped classroom model that affects learning outcomes, student motivation, critical thinking skills and various other fields. The veur heuristic model also influences learning outcomes, cognitive abilities, problem solving abilities, critical thinking, and improves aspects of usibility. However, based on our research it can be concluded that the flipped classroom model has a better impact on students' understanding of mathematical concepts than the heuristic vee model.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the results of the study concluded that the flipped classroom model is better than the heuristic vee model in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts. Because the flipped classroom model becomes a model that is in harmony with the development of the current era and a model that can attract student learning interest. The flipped classroom model has a 50% effect on increasing the ability to understand students' mathematical concepts.
Researchers expect more teachers to apply the flipped classroom model as a learning model in school. Subsequent research that uses flipped classroom and heuristic vee, needs to be further investigated at different levels of education and on different material. In addition, this research will be better if it is complemented by looking at other factors that might have different effects on the results of the study.