COVID-19 Outbreak on Environment: Profile of Islamic University Students in HOTS-AEP-COVID-19 and PEB-COVID-19

Ilmi Zajuli Ichsan*, Henita Rahmayanti, Agung Purwanto, Diana Vivanti Sigit, Irwandani, Ahmad Ali, Susilo, Edi Kurniawan, Md. Mehadi Rahman Doctoral Program of Population and Environmental Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia Department of Biology Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia Department of Physics Education, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Indonesia Department of Biology Education, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Indonesia Department of Biology Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Indonesia Department of Geography Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh


INTRODUCTION
Pandemic Corona Viruses Disease (COVID-19) that happened in 2020 made the global world experiences disaster (Kirigia & Muthuri, 2020;Tian et al., 2020;Zhou et al., 2020). Various impacts occurred due to the pandemic. It has affected the economic sector, business, government, even the world of education. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused massive impacts on the global higher education sector (Crawford et al., 2020;Toquero, 2020). Education in Indonesia has experienced a change in learning strategies since the COVID-19 outbreak (Ichsan, Rahmayanti, Purwanto, Sigit, Singh, et al., 2020) because all formal education activities in schools are closed due to physical distancing policy adopted by Indonesia. The learning strategy has changed from a face-to-face learning system to electronic learning (e-learning).
Changes in the learning system occur at all levels of education, ranging from primary, secondary, to higher education. The implementation of elearning in higher education has become something that needs further identification. Toquero (2020) discovers that many higher education institutions, both private and state colleges, and universities in the Philippines, are not prepared to implement the online systems. That is due to the previously applied learning system was blended learning. The adoption of the e-learning system caused big changes in students' learning. This needs to be further described, especially the use of e-learning due to the impact of COVID-19. Even so, the use of e-learning is the best way to share learning topics (Elleithy & Sobh, 2015;Lee et al., 2015;Mccutcheon et al., 2015;Nugraini et al., 2013;Qian et al., 2018). Toquero (2020) states that there is a need to strengthen environmental hygiene practices in all levels of learning. Society awareness starts when students are taught about societal issues, especially health issues in universities. COVID-19 prevention can be done by keeping the environment clean and maintained. Environmental knowledge that can be used in this context is Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) which is one of the ability to solve problems (Abidinsyah et al., 2019;Afflerbach et al., 2015;Dahl et al., 2018;Yeung, 2015;Zohar & Agmon, 2018). One of the HOTS instruments that have been developed previously is the Higher-Order Thinking Skills Assessment based on Environmental Problem (HOTS-AEP). It was previously used to measure various environmental problems (Ichsan et al., 2019). In this context, HOTS-AEP can be modified into an instrument to measure students' ability to understand COVID-19. Thus, the instrument was modified into HOTS-AEP-COVID-19 (Ichsan, Rahmayanti, Purwanto, Sigit, Singh, et al., 2020).
Environmental behavior is an important thing in the COVID-19 situation. Students do not have enough knowledge about COVID-19. They must have a Pro-Environmental Behavior (PEB) which is characterized by a variety of behaviors to support aspects of environmental friendliness. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, PEB becomes important. PEB is generally associated with environmental behavior that is generally associated with environmentally friendly behavior (Ahmad & Nordin, 2014;Durr et al., 2017;Panno et al., 2017;Runhaar et al., 2019;Takahashi & Selfa, 2015). In this context, PEB can be modified into PEB-COVID-19 which is specifically related to Pro-environmental behavior based on COVID-19 (Ichsan, Rahmayanti, Purwanto, Sigit, & Rahman, 2020).
Previous research on COVID-19 was not focused on the higher education context. The results of research in foreign countries showed that physical distancing policy causes learning to change to elearning (Ahorsu et al., 2020;Bakker & Wagner, 2020;Erduran, 2020). The lack of research information related to  shows that this research is urgent and novel. Information regarding the COVID-19 effects on Islamic universities is useful to construct a suitable strategy. Based on the description, the purpose of this research was to describe the implementation of elearning on HOTS and PEB during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHOD
This research was conducted in March 2020 when the pandemic Corona Viruses Disease (COVID-19) was occurring globally in the world, including Indonesia. This research used a descriptive method with the survey as the data collection technique. The samples involved in this research were 137 students. The sample was determined by employing a simple random sampling technique on Islamic universities (26 Males and 111 Females). The students came from State Islamic University; Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung and Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar. These universities were chosen based on geographic aspects.
Previous research has developed Higher-Order Thinking Skills Assessment based on Environmental Problem (HOTS-AEP) for all levels of education (Ichsan et al., 2019) and then modified to match the COVID-19 context called HOTS-AEP-COVID-19 (Ichsan, Rahmayanti, Purwanto, Sigit, Singh, et al., 2020). The HOTS-AEP-COVID-19 was analyzed and evaluated to create a solution regarding the prevention of COVID-19 in the environment.
The instruments used in this research were questionnaires about elearning (Ichsan, Rahmayanti, Purwanto, Sigit, & Rahman, 2020). The analysis of the data was done descriptively by comparing various average scores from each category. The instruments used in this research have been declared as valid and reliable.
The instruments were distributed through online media, especially the Google Forms. That's because when the COVID-19 outbreak occurred, all campus activities stopped applying face-to-face meetings. It was caused by the physical distancing policy in Indonesia. The HOTS-AEP-COVID-19 instrument consisted of 6 items while the PEB-COVID-19 instrument consisted of 10 items. The criteria of HOTS and PEB used are as follows.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of the research indicated that most students agreed that e-learning was useful during the COVID-19 outbreak. More detailed results can be seen in Table 2. The results showed that the majority of students thought that e-learning, assessments, and examinations were quite effective during the COVID-19 outbreak.
However, 35.04 % of students thought that e-learning was not effective in assessment or examinations. More information can be seen in Table 3. The results showed that Whatsapp was the most well-known e-learning media used in learning by students. However, the highest percentage of elearning was obtained by Google Classroom. The e-learning media provided by the universities was the least popular with only 7.30%. the information can be seen in Table 4.
In addition to the type of media used during e-learning, the types of files shared during learning are important. The results showed that the majority of students more easily understood the material using video and pdf. Clearer information about the percentage and type of file can be seen in Table 5. Meanwhile, for the duration of the use of e-learning, the majority of respondents (60.58 %) chose 2-3 hours/day. Meanwhile, only 13.14 % chose 4-6 hours/day (Figure 1). This showed that students were not entirely accustomed to using e-learning for a long period. This is an important concern that will affect the effectiveness of e-learning.
The e-learning at the university level also experiences various problems. All these problems will make e-learning less effective. Based on the results of the research, the problem experienced by students was related to cellular signals (57.66 %). Besides, there are also many other problems such as having no cellular data, interrupted wifi connection, slow smartphone, and other problems as can be seen in Figure 2. Meanwhile, the results of the research also showed that the majority of students used cellular data that needed to be purchased.  The results also showed that the students' HOTS was in the poor category. The item of the instrument with the lowest score related to creating ideas to reduce the impact of COVID-19. Meanwhile, in the male students' perspective, the lowest item related to providing critique and suggestions on environmental protection behavior. It is different from the female students' perspective. Detailed information can be seen in Table 6. In addition to measuring HOTS, this research also measured PEB in terms of protecting the environment to avoid COVID-19. Based on the results of the research, the lowest PEB score was in item 9 related to shaking hands without touching. This showed that students were having difficulty in applying physical distancing. That was caused by the fact that shaking hands has become a culture in Indonesian, so it is certainly difficult to change these habits quickly. The details regarding students' PEB scores in terms of preventing COVID-19 can be seen in Table 7.  Ichsan, Rahmayanti, Purwanto, Sigit, Singh, et al. (2020) Ichsan, Rahmayanti, Purwanto, Sigit, & Rahman (2020) The results showed that the elearning had been going well even though problems were encountered. Overall, elearning has helped students to continue learning at home during the COVID-19 outbreak. This greatly helps the learning process, given the physical distancing policy that is implemented during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Basilaia & Kvavadze (2020) suggest that e-learning format can be useful in the post-pandemic period, especially in the case of students with special needs. The effectiveness of online teaching and learning highly dependent on students' high-level active learning outside of classrooms (Bao, 2020). The implementation of e-learning, must continue to be improved to support learning at all levels (Leeuw et al., 2016;Saadé et al., 2012;Teo et al., 2018;Velasquez & Evans, 2018). Shortcomings and problems experienced by students must be immediately solved. Based on the results of research, interesting new findings are discovered related to the difficulty of students in understanding the various learning materials.
Students have not been accustomed to independent study, Especially, on the topic that requires an explanation directly from the lecturer. Besides, not all students have an understanding of basic concepts. Lecturers have a role to clarify if the students misunderstand a concept. This clarification is important because it prevent misconceptions (Braasch & Goldman, 2010;Coley & Tanner, 2015;Djanette & Fouad, 2014;Keleş & Kefeli, 2010).
In addition to the results of research on e-learning, this research showed that students' HOTS scores as measured by HOTS-AEP-COVID-19 were in the poor category. This showed that the students' effort to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and environmental pollution must be improved. Students should be able to make innovations to help the government to socialize various knowledge about COVID-19 to the wider community. That is because students have a role in society to develop various innovations (Ito & Kawazoe, 2015;Lince, 2016;Oncu, 2016;Rahmayanti et al., 2020;Seechaliao, 2017).
The research showed that students' PEB measured using PEB-COVID-19 was in the excellent category. This showed that the students understood the importance of protecting the environment. PEB is one of the important keys to protecting the environment to halt the spread of COVID-19. People who can take care of their environment will be able to make their environment cleaner and healthier. PEB needs to be built by all components of the community to be able to suppress the spread of COVID-19. PEB becomes an important component in building a more friendly environment (Kim & Stepchenkova, 2019;Runhaar et al., 2019;Schmitt et al., 2018;Truelove & Gillis, 2018).
Some findings showed HOTS understanding of COVID-19 was relatively low. Innovations such as the development of e-learning by the universities need to be made so that all students and lecturers can be facilitated and have the same e-learning standards. (Benaida & Namoun, 2018;Chalkiadaki, 2018;Chin & Chen, 2013;Lai, 2016;Yağci, 2017). Bao (2020) explains that to solve problems in e-learning, teachers should consider two phases of teaching, the offline self-learning phase, and the online teaching phase. In the self-learning phase, students should read the subjectspecific reading materials before joining the class. In the online teaching phase, teachers should discuss with the students about their understanding and clear their misconceptions. This research found that most of the students were buying internet packet data for virtual learning. So, migrating from traditional or blended learning to e-learning will not possible an easy task as it contains many challenges like the lack of internet bandwidth for both students and teachers (Crawford et al., 2020). Problems regarding the use of cellular data also need to be solved so that e-learning does not create a new economic problem for students during physical distancing.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research, it was found that the use of e-learning during the COVID-19 outbreak was facing several problems. Besides that, the students' HOTS, measured through HOTS-AEP-COVID-19, were in a low category so it needs to be improved. This improvement needs to be done for students to have in-depth knowledge about the prevention of COVID-19 in their environments. Also, the results of the research showed that the PEB measured by PEB-COVID-19 was already in the excellent category. This indicated that students at Islamic universities have begun to realize the importance of protecting the environment to prevent further transmission of COVID-19. Further research needs to be developed concerning e-learning innovation during COVID-19.