PARTAI KEAGAMAAN DALAM KOMPETISI POLITIK DI DUNIA BARAT DAN MUSLIM
Abstract
Tulisan ini menganalisis perkembangan partai-partai politik keagamaan di tingkat dunia. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui apakah partai-partai berbasis keagamaan, khususnya Islam dan Kristen, mampu bertahan dalam menghadapi proses modernisasi dan sekulerisasi yang telah melanda dunia. Untuk itu, tulisan ini menelaah sejumlah partai politik, baik di negara-negara mayoritas Muslim maupun Kristen, khususnya dalam hal kemampuan mereka dalam menarik dukungan massa pada setiap even pemilu. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa perolehan suara partai-partai itu, baik yang ada di negara-negara Barat maupun Muslim, terus mengalami kemerosotan. Jika kondisi semacam ini tidak segera diatasi, dikhawatirkan bahwa kehadiran partai-partai keagamaan dalam panggung politik masa depan akan hilang.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
‘Ima>rah, Muhammad, al-Isla>m wa Falsafah al-Hukm, Kairo: Da>r al-Shuru>q, 1989.
al-Ansari>y, ‘Abd al-Ha>mid Isma>‘i>l, Al-Su>ra wa Atharuha fi> al-Di>muqra>tiyah, Beirut: Mansura>t al-Maktabah al-Ahdiyah, tt.
al-Ha>shimi>, Ta>riq ‘Ali>, al-Ahza>b al-Siya>siyah, Baghda>d: Sharikah al-Tab‘i wa al-Nashr, 1968.
al-Hassa>ni> Husain Jah>d, dan al-Husaini>, Naja>h Ja>bir, Mashru>‘iyah al-Ahza>b fi> al-Isla>m fi> Tanzi>ri A>yat Allah al-Karaba>si>, Beirut: Bait al-‘Ulu>m li al-Na>bihin, 2006.
al-Ma>liki, Fahd ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Rabi>‘ah al-Ma>liki> dan Muba>rak ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Rabi>‘ah, Mukhtasor al-Tsaqa>fah al-Siya>siyah, Yordan: Da>r ibn al-Jawzi>, 2013.
al-Qarada>wi, Yu>suf, Al-Di>n wa al-Siya>sah: Ta’si>l wa Radd al-Shubha>t, Kairo: Da>r al-Shuru>q, 2007.
al-Sa>wi>, Sola>h, Ta>‘addudiyah al-Siya>siyah fi Dawlah al-Islmiyah, Kairo: Da>r al-I‘la>m al-Dawli>, 1993.
Ama>n, Muhammad dan Sa>lim, Shawqi>, Tasni>f Di>wiy al-‘Ishri>ya, Kuwait: Shirkah al-Maktaba>t al-Kuwaitiyah, 1984.
Audi, Robert, Religious Commitment and Secular Reason, Cambridge: Cambrige University Press, 2000.
Bellucci, Paolo dan Heath, Oliver, “The Structure of Party-Organization Linkages and the Electoral Strength of Cleavages in Italy 1963-2008”.
Berger, Peter L., “ The Desecularization of the World : A Global Overview “ dalam Peter L. Berger (ed), The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics, Washington D.C : Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1999.
Downs, Anthony, An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York : Harper and Row, 1957.
Duverger, Maurice, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, London : Methuen, 1959.
Epstein, Leon D., Political Parties in Western Democracies, New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000.
Gunther, Richard dan Diamond, Larry, “Species of Political Parties: A New Typology,” Party Politics, vol. 9, no. 2 (2003).
Gutman, Amy, Identity in Democracy, Princeton: Princeton University Press,2003.
Hamayotsu, Kikue, “Rise and Falls of Religious Parties in Indonesia” dalam Dirk Tomsa, Andreas Ufen, (eds), Party Politics in Southeast Asia: Clientelism and Electoral Competition in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines, New York: Routledge, 2013.
Hasan, Hasan Ibra>him, Ta>ri>kh al-Islām al-Siya>si> wa al-Di>ni> wa al-Tsaqāfī wa al-Ijtima>‘i>y, Kairo: Maktabah al-Nahdah al-Misriyyah, 1996, Juz II.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections by country pada tanggal 12 Juni 2013 jam 20.00 WIB.
Johnstone, Ronald L., Religion and Society in Interaction : the Sociology of Religion , New Jersey: Prentice, 1975.
Jr., Valdimer O. Key, Public Opinion and American Democracy, New York: Knopf, 1961.
Katz, Richard S. dan Mair, Peter, “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party,” Party Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, (1995).
..........................., “The Evolution of Party Organization in Europe: The Three Faces of Party Organization “ dalam The American Review of Politics, Vol. 14 (1993).
Kirchheimmer, Otto, “The Transformation of the West European Party Systems”, dalam Joseph La Palombara dan Myron Weiner (eds), Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966.
Krouwel, André, “Party Models,” dalam Richard S. Katz dan William J. Crotty (eds), Handbook of Party Politics, London: Sage Publication Ltd., 2006.
Kuru, Ahmet, “Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion “, dalam World Politics 59 ( July 2007).
Kurzman, Charles dan Naqvi, Ijlal, “Islamic political parties and parliamentary elections.” Dalam United States Institute of Peace, Working Paper no. 15 (2009).
Lapalombara, Joseph, dan Anderson, Jeffrey, “political parties” dalam Mary Hawkesworth dan Maurice Kogan (eds), Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, Vol. I, London: Routledge, 1992.
Luther, Kurt R., dan Deschouwer, K., “Prudent Leadeship’ to Succesful Adaptation?” dalam Kurt R. Luther dan K. Deschouwer (eds), Party Elites in Divided Societies: Political Parties in Consociational Democracy, London: Routledge, 1999.
Madjid, Nurcholish, Islam Kemodernan dan Keindonesiaan, Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka, 2008.
Maisel, Louis S., dan Brewer, Mark D., Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., 2011.
Manzu>r, Muhammad ibn, Lisan al-‘Arab, Beirut: Da>r al-Sa>dir, 1956, Juz I.
Mofidi, Sabah, “The Positive Aspects of Political Function of Religion: An Overview”, dalam International Journal of Political Science, Law and International Relations (IJPSLIR), Vol. 3, Issue 2, (Jun 2013).
Mueller, Dennis C., Religious Parties, Vienna, Mimeo : University of Vienna, 2012.
Nasr, Vali, “The Rise of “Muslim Democracy”.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 16, No. 2 (2005).
Nordsieck, Wolfram, Parties and election in Europe (Austria) diakses melalui http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/countries.html tanggal 12 Mei 2013 jam 19.00.
Robbins, Caroline, “Discordant Parties”: A Study of the Acceptance of Party by Englishmen,” dalam Political Science Quarterly, vol. 73, no.4 (Dec.1958).
Rosenblum, Nancy L., “Banning Parties: Religious and Ethnic Partisanship in Multicultural Democracies”, Law & Ethics of Human Rights, vol.1, No. 1 (2007).
Rosenblum, On Nancy L., the Sides of the Angels, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
Rositer, Clinton, Parties and Politics in Americ, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960.
Salih, M.A. Mohamed, (ed), Interpreating Islamic Political Parties, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009.
Sartori, Giovanni, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analyses, Colchester: ECPR Press, 2005.
Schattscheneider, Elmer E., The Struggle for Party Government, College Park MD : University of Maryland, 1948.
................, Party Government in the United States, New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1942.
Schlesinger, Joseph A., “Political Party Organization” dalam James G. March (ed) Handbook of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965.
Schuster, Anke, Public Reason and Religious Arguments, Netherland: Whrmann Print Service, 2009.
Wollinetz Steven B., “Beyond the Catch-All Party: Approaches to the Study of Parties and Party Organization in Contemporary Democracies,” dalam Richard Gunther, J. Ramon-Montero, dan Juan J. Linz, (eds). Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Yavuz, M. Hakan, Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey.
Zaid, Bakr ibn ‘Abdillah Abu>, “Hukm al-Intima>’i ila> al-Farq wa al-Ahza>b wa al-Jama>‘a>h al-Isla>miyah”, dalam al-Ri’a>sah al-‘A>mmah li Ida>ra>t al-Buhu>ts al-‘Alamiyyah wa al-Ifta>’i wa al-Da‘wah wa al-Irsha>d, No. 33/2 (1989.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/klm.v9i1.321
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 KALAM
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
KALAM [ISSN: 0853-9510, e-ISSN: 2540-7759] published by Faculty of Ushuluddin and Religious Study Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung, Indonesia in collaboration with Asosiasi Aqidah dan Filsafat Islam (Islamic Theology and Philosophy Association).
Office: Faculty of Ushuluddin and Religious Study, Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung. Letkol H. Endro Suratmin Street, Sukarame, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia, Postal code 34513. Website: http://ejournal.radenintan.ac.id/index.php/kalam, Email: kalam@radenintan.ac.id.
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.